ls - List Directory Contents

The ls command lists the contents of a directory.

      
        
$ ls
      
    

Options

• -a - Show hidden files
• -l - Show long listing format
• -h - Show human-readable file sizes
• -r - Reverse sort order
• -S - Sort by file size
• -t - Sort by modification time

cd - Change Directory

The cd command changes the current working directory.

      
        
$ cd /path/to/directory
      
    

Options

• - - Change to the previous directory
• ~ - Change to the home directory
• . - Change to the current directory
• .. - Change to the parent directory

pwd - Print Working Directory

The pwd command prints the current working directory.

      
        
$ pwd
      
    

mkdir - Make Directory

The mkdir command creates a new directory.

      
        
$ mkdir /path/to/directory
      
    

rm - Remove

The rm command removes files and directories.

      
        
$ rm /path/to/file
$ rm -r /path/to/directory
      
    

Options

• -f - Force removal of files without prompting for confirmation
• -i - Prompt for confirmation before removing files
• -r - Recursively remove directories and their contents
• -v - Print the name of each file before removing it

cp - Copy

The cp command copies files and directories.

      
        
$ cp /path/to/file /path/to/destination
$ cp -r /path/to/directory /path/to/destination
      
    

Options

mv - Move

The mv command moves files and directories.

      
        
$ mv /path/to/file /path/to/destination
$ mv /path/to/directory /path/to/destination
      
    

cat - Concatenate

The cat command prints the contents of a file to the terminal.

      
        
$ cat /path/to/file
      
    

less - Less

The less command prints the contents of a file to the terminal, but it allows you to scroll through the file.

      
        
$ less /path/to/file
      
    

grep - Global Regular Expression Print

The grep command searches for a pattern in a file.

      
        
$ grep pattern /path/to/file
      
    

chmod - Change Mode

The chmod command changes the permissions of a file or directory.

      
        
$ chmod 755 /path/to/file
      
    

chown - Change Owner

The chown command changes the owner of a file or directory.

      
        
$ chown user:group /path/to/file